(According to St. Basil the Great)
About St. Basil, it was sometimes thought that according to his monastic rules, St. Albert of Jerusalem wrote the rule for the Carmelites. Although modern research has convincingly disproved this claim,1 we can still see in St. Basil a distant friend in our pursuit of a deep life with God. It is no coincidence that he is one of the four most significant teachers of the Eastern Church and is called “the Great.” Some time ago, I discovered a passage in his writings that directly mentions the prophet Elijah and Mount Carmel. The text intrigued me, so I translated it amateurishly—first just for myself, then I shared it with a few friends, and now I want to offer it to everyone.
Basil's Letter to the Disciple Chilius2 aims to encourage perseverance in living in solitude (that is, someone who has already entered into solitude). I want to note right away: St. Basil was not an advocate of hermit life, but of monastic life combined with service to people—spiritual, charitable, and other forms of service.
Therefore, we need not hesitate to apply Basil's encouragement to ourselves and the various forms of solitude in which we find ourselves (already in them): whether it is the solitude of a city-dweller, struggling to adapt to life in the countryside, or the solitude of a person misunderstood by someone at work or overlooked by part of their family or community, whether it is any solitude of a person who “has everything”... It need not even be a permanent or desperate state. After all, even from the excerpts of Scripture that Basil references, it is clear that the saint does not have in mind absolute solitude: Abraham was not entirely alone in Mamre, but with Sarah and a servant. Or in the verse from the Gospel of Matthew: “Where two or three are gathered...,” it is also not about the solitude of a castaway on a deserted island... Sometimes we simply feel alone, it comes upon us, we would like more support from others, greater connections, or even more distraction. And then we tend to reject our momentary solitude, trying to escape from it at all costs.
Yet from the rest of the text, which has not yet been translated, you would recognize that the “goods of this world” that Basil’s disciple longs for in solitude do not refer to anything sinful, but to spiritual conversations, theology studies, etc. St. Basil skeptically notes that even these holy things are hardly used by anyone appropriately. Above the lines of our excerpt, I cannot shake the impression that the church father lightens the discussion about the usefulness of what a person loses in solitude with a mild irony.
But above all, Basil’s lines remind us again that solitude can also be chosen by a person, and—or when they are already “stuck” in it—they can agree with it. Because withdrawing from people is not a meaningless vacuum. By examples from Scripture, St. Basil shows situations where it was about solitude filled with encounters with God. Openness to such solitude is a school of patience, obedience, and faith. This is the path that Christ himself walked, the path to salvation.
And one last note: the key verse of Scripture that St. Basil refers to is not known to us today: “For the words of your lips I have kept to the hard ways.” This is because Basil used the Greek version of the Old Testament, the so-called Septuagint, whose text of the Psalms does not match in details with the text we are used to. The quoted verse could be found in it as Ps 17:4. In our liturgical translation of the psalms, it corresponds to the verse: “... according to your words I have kept to the ways of the law.” This cannot be blamed on the translator; the discrepancy already exists between the preserved Greek and Hebrew texts. Nevertheless, we can ponder over our breviary when we pray this verse, fleeting a brief thought to Basil’s encouragement.
Basil’s text:
When thoughts tempt you like: “What’s the point of living in this (remote) place?”
and “What good is it that I withdraw from human society?” (...)
then approach it this way:
when the evil thought tries to overcome you with many such different reasons,
devoutly reflect, set against it practical experience, and say:
“You tell me that the things of this world are good;
but precisely for that reason, I moved here,
as I consider myself unworthy of the goods of this world.
But they are also mixed with bad things, and there are many more of those...”
And so I escape—like a bird to the mountains.
I live in this solitude where the Lord dwelt.
Here is the oak of Mamre,
here is the ladder that leads to heaven; here are the hosts of angels that Jacob saw.
Here is the desert in which the purified nation received the law, and thus entered the promised land and saw God.
Here is Mount Carmel, where Elijah lived and pleased God.
Here is the field where Ezra went (into solitude) to dictate all the divinely inspired books by God's command.
Here is the desert where John the Baptist ate locusts and preached repentance to the people.
Here is the Mount of Olives, where Christ ascended to pray and to teach us to pray.
Here is Christ, the friend of solitude; for he says: “Wherever two or three are gathered in my name, there I am in the midst of them.”
Here is the “narrow and difficult way that leads to life.”
Here are the teachers and prophets who “wandered in the deserts and mountains, in caves and in the earth's ravines.”
Here are the apostles and evangelists and the life of monks far from cities.
This I have freely taken upon myself to attain what is promised to Christ's martyrs and all other saints,
and to truly and without lie say:
“For the words of your lips I have kept to the hard ways.”
Indeed, I have come to know that Abraham was pleasing to God,
who listened to God's voice and moved to the wilderness,
Isaac, oppressed by might,
Jacob, the wandering patriarch,
pure Joseph, who was sold,
the three youths, abstaining from forbidden foods, who fought against the fire,
Daniel thrown once and then again into the lion's den,
Jeremiah, who freely spoke in defiance of being thrown into the mire of the cistern,
Isaiah, peering into hidden things, a prophet bearing chains, led into the captivity of Israel,
John chiding adultery and executed by beheading,
Christ's martyrs taken from the midst of the congregation of believers.
And why bother with more examples?
After all, the Savior himself was crucified for us,
to give us life through his death
and urged and led each of us to patience.
I rush to him and to the Father and to the Holy Spirit.
I strive to be found legitimate,
and I consider myself unworthy of the goods of the world.
Moreover, I am not here for the world, but the world for me.
Thus think carefully about this and keep it as you have been told, fight for the truth unto death. For Christ became obedient unto death. And the apostle says: Take heed, lest any of you have an evil heart, leading you to depart from the living God; but encourage each other, bringing spiritual benefit to one another, as long as “today” lasts. For the “today” means the whole time of our life.
So then, brother, if you live this way, you will preserve yourself, you will comfort us, and you will glorify God forever and ever. Amen.
For those who like to search in Scripture
I have tried to seek out the places that St. Basil relies on. To preserve the unity of the text, I provide the references summarized here.
Fly to the mountains like a bird: Ps 11:1. – The solitude where the Lord dwelt: perhaps referring to Jesus’ stay in the desert (Mk 1:12 par.). – The oak of Mamre: Gen 18:1–15; Abraham is very open to meeting God in his solitude, immediately reacts and runs to meet... – Jacob’s ladder: Gen 28:10–22. – The people received the Law and saw God: Ex 24. – Elijah on Carmel: 1 Kings 18:19; while Scripture mentions Elijah on Carmel only in connection with this event, later tradition considered Carmel a place where Elijah dwelt permanently. – Elijah pleased God: cf. Sir 44:16 about Enoch. – Ezra’s solitude: see the apocryphal 4 Ezra 14:1–47. – John the Baptist in the desert: Mt 3:1–12 par. – The Mount of Olives: through the Mount of Olives David fled from Jerusalem before Absalom (2 Sam 15:30). The prophet Ezekiel saw in a vision the glory of the Lord leaving the city, “stood over the mountain east of the city” (Ez 11:23) and returns to the temple from the east (Ez 43:1). According to Zachariah's prophecy, in the day of the Lord, the Lord’s feet will stand on this mountain (Zach 14:4), the mountain will be split in the valley through which the inhabitants of Jerusalem will flee.
The New Testament mentions about the Mount of Olives: this is the path Jesus took to Jerusalem a week before Easter (Mk 11:1 and par.; Lk 19:37 with mention of the Mount of Olives introducing the crowds’ call: Hosanna), here—“opposite the temple”—Jesus delivers his discourse about the end of times (Mk 13:1 and par.), here his ascension took place (cf. Acts 1:12). Later Christian tradition connected Jesus’ visit to the house of Martha and Mary (Lk 10:38–42) with Bethany and the following pericope (Lk 11:1n.: Jesus prayed “in a certain place” and then taught the disciples the Our Father) with the Mount of Olives, which is why the monastery of the Discalced Carmelites Pater noster is also located there. From St. Basil’s perspective, the most important thing is that after the Last Supper, Jesus went with the disciples to the Mount of Olives (Mk 14:26 and par.) and there prayed. According to Luke’s Gospel, he did so “according to his custom” (Lk 22:39). Already earlier, during his week-long stay in Jerusalem: “During the day he taught in the temple, but at night he went out and spent the night on the mountain, which is called the Mount of Olives” (Lk 21:37). Similarly, cf. John 8:1–2. Thus: solitude is the place where the Lord disappears from me and where he again comes (not only there, of course). Our solitude also represents an expectation of ultimate fulfillment—at the Lord's second coming. – Jesus’ saying: “Where two or three...” : Matt 18:20; cf. the mention in the introductory comment: it is clear that the solitude referred to by St. Basil means rather a small community. – The narrow and difficult way: cf. Matt 7:14. – Believers who “wandered in the deserts and mountains”: Heb 11:38. – “For the words of your lips I have kept to the hard ways”: Ps 17:4 (Septuagint). – Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, the three youths in the fiery furnace, Daniel, Jeremiah and Isaiah, and John the Baptist are figures whose stories can easily be looked up in Scripture. St. Basil mentions them not so much as a model of life in solitude, but as an example of patiently enduring adversity. – Being found legitimate: this suggests the meaning: to be the true heir of God’s promises (cf. Romans 9–10), or rather a connection to the verse 2 Timothy 2:5: “the winner's crown is not given unless one competes (literally: unless one contends) according to the rules.” – “Christ became obedient unto death”: Phil 2:8. – Admonition: “Take heed”: Heb 3:12: however, the text does not exactly match our New Testament version. – “Bring each other spiritual benefit”: cf. 1 Thess 5:11; 1 Cor 14:4.17.
Prepared by P. Gorazd, O.Carm.